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The processes of hardening and tempering are essential for the production of high-performance steels. The purpose of hardening is to provide the mechanical properties needed for the intended service. The steel is first heated to a required temperature, then rapidly cooled, often in water or oil. The next step is tempering, which involves developing the final mechanical properties and relieving stresses. The actual conditions depend on the type of steel, size and composition of the components, and the properties of the final steel.

The process of tempering involves heating the steel to very high temperatures, followed by rapid cooling. The purpose of this step is to ensure that the steel retains ductile properties while being hardened. The metal is then subjected to several processes, including annealing and machining. During each step, the surface temperature is monitored by optical pyrometers. The measurements are stored in computers for statistical process control calculations.

In the hardening process, the austenite is converted to martensite. The process makes steel more durable, and it also improves its wear resistance. It is usually combined with reheating. This improves the properties of the metal, including high hardness, excellent wear resistance, enhanced tensile strength, and long fatigue life. In addition, it can help improve the surface properties of other metals.

Hardening is an important part of manufacturing stainless steel. The process creates a surface that is up to five times harder than soft steel. It also increases the wear and tear resistance of parts. In the automotive industry, hardened stainless steels are used for car wheels, refrigerators, and other household items. Different types of equipment and processes are employed in the process of neutral hardening. The type of furnace and equipment that is used depends on the steel grade and the number of parts to be treated.

The process of tempering steels is based on the carbon content of the steel. It is best performed on medium or high-carbon steel. The high carbon content in the steel makes the steel more resistant to chemicals and blood. This is why this process is essential for surgical instruments. However, it is also important for medical equipment. While it is important to ensure that surgical instruments are hygienic, they should also be strong and durable.

The heat treatment of stainless steels involves two stages: heating the metal to a suitable temperature and cooling it in a liquid or molten salt bath. The high temperature causes the steel to become harder than it previously was. In addition, the process also reduces the brittleness of the metal, making it suitable for use in the fabrication of mechanical instruments. And since it is a two-stage process, it requires a significant investment in equipment and labor.