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Larynx & Endobronchial Probes
The Laryngeal Motor Cortex (LMC) is the brain area responsible for controlling the adduction and retraction of the vocal folds. Its purpose is to control pitch and emphasis during speech. This region is located in the midline of the larynx. In humans, LMC is found in the posterior part of the precentral gyrus. In nonhuman primates, it is located in the superior sagittal gyrus.
In the primary motor cortex, studies have shown a topographic representation of laryngeal muscles. In nonhuman primates, the cortical representation is distinct. Its onset latencies are 20-40 ms. The LMC-ambigual projections bypass the relay station in the reticular formation and modulate the activity of brainstem laryngeal motoneurons. In humans, the LMC is more posteriorly located in the premotor cortex, where it is associated with a distinct cortical topography.
While fMRI can detect individual neurons of the LMC, a more comprehensive assessment requires a more complete study of the neural processes involved in the amplification of laryngeal motor output. However, the indirect approach to assessing laryngeal motor activity may not reveal the underlying mechanisms. The integrative nature of the LMC might result in similar neural profiles at different pitch levels. In addition, the degrees of freedom of vocal pitch modulation are so great that complex combinations of movements are likely to be undetected by an MRI environment.
In addition to morphological and functional studies, the LMC also receives input from the brainstem. In this way, it may play a role in the synthesis of vocal functions and their regulation. In humans, the LMC receives simultaneous inputs from the right and left hemispheres. This synchronization facilitates the voluntary control of the larynx. Somatic motor pathways in the LMC have direct connections to the brainstem and the cerebellum.
Despite its obvious benefits, this neural network is not responsible for speech. In humans, the LMC coordinates the coordination of breathing and vocal-motor functions. The LMC has direct connections to the brainstem. Its direct connection to the larynx allows the LMC to directly influence the larynx's function. It is a crucial part of speech development in human infants and adults alike.
The LMC is a brain region that controls the production of speech. In rhesus monkeys, the LMC establishes direct connections with the laryngeal motoneurons. These connections are important for normal speech control and should be explored further in future studies. It has been hypothesized that LMC is responsible for the production of voice. This structure is associated with language perception, but does not directly affect the voice.
The LMC represents the laryngeal muscles. Its role in vocalization is fundamental to human communication. The brain controls the laryngeal muscles, but the neural connection between the LMC and the brainstem is not completely understood. The two regions are linked through the dorsal and parvicellular nuclei of the brainstem. This region is also known to be involved in vocal motor coordination.